SQL Server best Interview Quations

 In this real-world SQL Server Developer Interview Questions post, we have put together both advanced and basic SQL Interview Questions and Answers.

Interview Questions for 2021 candidate Sql server 

1. Why Truncate is a example of DDL statement? 2. Difference between cluster index and non-cluster index ? 3. Difference between CTE and Temp. table? 4. Difference between Rank and dense rank. 5. explain type of cursor ? 6. Query to find duplicate rows in table? 7. What are the differences between Stored Procedure and the dynamic SQL? 8. What is Collation? 9. What are Magic Tables in SQL Server? 10. What is the difference between varchar and nvarchar types? 11. What are the differences between left join and outer left join ? 12. explain types of user defined functions?

1. What is Data warehouse?

Data warehouse refers to a central repository of data from multiple sources of information. Those data are consolidated, transformed and made available for the mining as well as online processing.

2. What is a Database?

A database is a collection of information in an organized form for faster and better access, storage, and manipulation. It can also be defined as a collection of tables, schema, views, and other database objects.

3. What is a Field in a Database?

A field in a Database table is a space allocated to store a particular record within a table.

4. What is a Table in a Database?

A table is a database object used to store records in a field in the form of columns and rows that holds data.

5. What is a column in a Table?

A column is a vertical entity in a table that contains all information associated with a specific field in a table.

6. What is a Record in a Database?

A record (also called a row of data) is an ordered set of related data in a table.

7. What are the popular Database Management Systems in the IT Industry?

Oracle, 

MySQL, 

Microsoft SQL Server, 

PostgreSQL, 

Sybase, 

MongoDB, 

DB2, 

Microsoft Access etc.,

8. What is RDBMS?

RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model. Data from a relational database can be accessed using Structured Query Language (SQL).

9. What are the types of DBMS?

There are two types of DBMS
1. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
2. Non-Relational Database Management System.

10. What is DBMS?

Database Management System is a collection of programs that enables a user to store, retrieve, update and delete information from a database.

11. What are the different types of SQL commands?

SQL commands are segregated into the following types:

• DDL – Data Definition Language
• DML – Data Manipulation Language
• DQL – Data Query Language
• DCL – Data Control Language
• TCL – Transaction Control Language

12. What is SQL?

SQL Overview: SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is an American National Standard Institute (ANSI) standard. It is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. Using SQL, some of the action we could do are to create databases, tables, stored procedures (SP’s), execute queries, retrieve, insert, update, delete data against a database.

 

13. Which TCP/IP port does SQL Server run?

  1433

14. List out the ACID properties and explain? 

Following are the four properties of ACID. These guarantees that the database transactions are processed reliably.

• Atomicity
• Consistency
• Isolation
• Durability

15. Define the SELECT INTO statement.

The SELECT INTO statement copies data from one table into a new table. The new table will be created with the column-names and types as defined in the old table. You can create new column names using the AS clause.

SELECT * INTO NEW_TABLE_NAME FORM OLD_TBALE_NAME CONDITION;

16. What is the difference between Delete, Truncate and Drop command?

The difference between the Delete, Truncate and Drop command is

• Delete command is a DML command, it is used to delete rows from a table. It can be rolled back.
• Truncate is a DDL command, it is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space containing the table. It cant be rolled back.
• Drop is a DDL command, it removes the complete data along with the table structure(unlike truncate command that removes only the rows). All the tables’ rows, indexes, and privileges will also be removed.

17. What is the difference between Union and Union All command?

Union: It omits duplicate records and returns only distinct result set of two or more select statements.
Union All: It returns all the rows including duplicates in the result set of different select statements.

Performance wise Union All is faster than Union, Since Union All doesn’t remove duplicates. Union query checks the duplicate values which consumes some time to remove the duplicate records.

Assume: Table_dizsweb has 20 records, Table_sawan has 20 records. Last record from both the tables are same.

If you run Union query.

SELECT * FROM TABLE_DIZSWEB

UNION

SELECT * FROM TABLE_SAWAN

SELECT * FROM Table1 UNION SELECT * FROM Table2

Output: Total 39 records

SELECT * FROM TABLE_DIZSWEB

UNION

SELECT * FROM TABLE_SAWAN

 

SELECT * FROM Table1 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM Table2

Output: Total 40 records

 

18. What is CLAUSE in SQL?

SQL CLAUSE helps to limit the result set by providing a condition to an SQL Query. A CLAUSE helps to filter the rows from the entire set of records. SQL CLAUSES are WHERE & HAVING.

19. What is the difference between Having and Where clause?

Where clause is used to fetch data from a database that specifies particular criteria whereas a Having clause is used along with ‘GROUP BY’ to fetch data that meets particular criteria specified by the Aggregate functions. Where clause cannot be used with Aggregate functions, but the Having clause can.

20. What are aggregate functions in SQL?

SQL aggregate functions return a single value, calculated from values in a column. Some of the aggregate functions in SQL are as follows

• AVG() – This function returns the average value
• COUNT() – This function returns the number of rows
• MAX() – This function returns the largest value
• MIN() – This function returns the smallest value
• ROUND() – This function rounds a numeric field to the number of decimals specified
• SUM() – This function returns the sum

21. What are string functions in SQL?

SQL string functions are used primarily for string manipulation. Some of the widely used SQL string functions are

• LEN() – It returns the length of the value in a text field
• LOWER() – It converts character data to lower case
• UPPER() – It converts character data to upper case
• SUBSTRING() – It extracts characters from a text field
• LTRIM() – It is to remove all whitespace from the beginning of the string
• RTRIM() – It is to remove all whitespace at the end of the string
• CONCAT() – Concatenate function combines multiple character strings together
• REPLACE() –  To update the content of a string.

22. What are user defined functions?

As the name suggests these are written by users as per their requirement. User-defined functions are the functions written to use a logic whenever required.

23. What are all types of user-defined functions?

There are three types of user-defined function, namely
• Scalar Functions
• Inline Table-valued functions
• Multi-statement valued functions

Scalar functions return unit, variant defined the return clause.
Inline Table-valued functions and Multi-statement valued functions return table as a return.

24. What is Self-Join?

A self-join is a join in which a table is joined with itself, especially when the table has a Foreign Key which references its own Primary Key.

25. What is Cross-Join?

Cross join produces a result set which is the number of rows in the first table multiplied by a number of rows in the second table if no WHERE clause is used along with Cross join. This kind of result is known as Cartesian Product. If suppose, Where clause is used in cross join then the query will work like an Inner join.

26. What is Collation?

Collation is defined as a set of rules that determine how character data can be sorted as well as compared. Character data is sorted using rules that define the correct character sequence along with options for specifying case-sensitivity, character width, accent marks, kana character types.

27. What are all different types of collation sensitivity?

Different types of collation sensitivity are as follows
Case Sensitivity: A and a and B and b.
Kana Sensitivity: Japanese Kana characters.
Width Sensitivity: Single byte character and double byte character.
Accent Sensitivity.

28. How to get unique records from a table?

By using DISTINCT keyword, we can get unique records from a table

SELECT DISTINCT Col1, Col2 from Table1

1	SELECT DISTINCT Col1, Col2 from Table1

29. What is the command used to fetch the first 5 characters of a string?

Some of the ways to fetch the first 5 characters of a string are as follows:

SELECT RIGHT(EmpName,5) AS EmployeeName FROM Employee SELECT SUBSTRING(EmpName,1,5) AS EmployeeName FROM Employee

1 2	SELECT RIGHT(EmpName,5) AS EmployeeName FROM Employee SELECT SUBSTRING(EmpName,1,5) AS EmployeeName FROM Employee

30. How to add new Employee details in an Employee_Details table with the following details
Employee_Name: John, Salary: 5500, Age: 29?

INSERT into Employee_Details (Employee_Name, Salary, Age) VALUES (‘John’, 5500 , 29);

1	INSERT into Employee_Details (Employee_Name, Salary, Age) VALUES (‘John’, 5500 , 29);

31. How to add a column ‘Salary’ to a table Employee_Details?

ALTER TABLE Employee_Details ADD (Salary);

1	ALTER TABLE Employee_Details ADD (Salary);

32. How to change a value of the field ‘Salary’ as 7500 for an Employee_Name ‘John’ in a table Employee_Details?

UPDATE Employee_Details set Salary = 7500 where Employee_Name = ‘John’;

1	UPDATE Employee_Details set Salary = 7500 where Employee_Name = ‘John’;

33. Write an SQL Query to select all records from the table?

Select * from table_name;

1	Select * from table_name;

34. How To Get List of All Tables From A DataBase?

To view the tables available on a particular DataBase

USE TestDB GO SELECT * FROM sys.Tables GO

1 2 3 4

USE TestDB GO SELECT * FROM sys.Tables GO

35. Define SQL Delete statement.

The SQL Delete statement is used to delete records from a table.

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value;

1	DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value;

36. Write the command to remove all Players named Sachin from the Players table.

DELETE from Players WHERE Player_Name = ‘Sachin’

1	DELETE from Players WHERE Player_Name = ‘Sachin’

37. How to fetch values from TestTable1 that are not in TestTable2 without using NOT keyword?

-------------- | TestTable1 | -------------- | 11 | | 12 | | 13 | | 14 | --------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

-------------- | TestTable1 | -------------- |     11     | |     12     | |     13     | |     14     | --------------

-------------- | TestTable2 | -------------- | 11 | | 12 | --------------

1 2 3 4 5 6

-------------- | TestTable2 | -------------- |     11     | |     12     | --------------

By using the except keyword

SELECT * FROM TestTable1 EXCEPT SELECT * FROM TestTable2;

1	SELECT * FROM TestTable1 EXCEPT SELECT * FROM TestTable2;

38. How to get each name only once from an employee table?

By using the DISTINCT keyword, we could get each name only once.

SELECT DISTINCT employee_name FROM employee_table;

1	SELECT DISTINCT employee_name FROM employee_table;

39. How to rename a column in the output of SQL query?

By using SQL AS keyword

SELECT column_name AS new_name FROM table_name;

1	SELECT column_name AS new_name FROM table_name;

40. What is the order of SQL SELECT?

Order of SQL SELECT statement is as follows

SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY.

41. How to display the current date in SQL?

In SQL, there is a built-in function called GetDate() which helps to return the current date.

SELECT GetDate();

1	SELECT GetDate();

42. Write an SQL Query to find an Employee_Name whose Salary is equal or greater than 5000 from the below table Employee_Details.

| Employee_Name | Salary| ----------------------------- | John | 2500 | | Emma | 3500 | | Mark | 5500 | | Anne | 6500 | -----------------------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

|  Employee_Name   |  Salary| ----------------------------- |  John            |  2500  | |  Emma            |  3500  | |  Mark            |  5500  | |  Anne            |  6500  | -----------------------------

Syntax:

SELECT Employee_Name FROM Employee_Details WHERE Salary>=5000;

1	SELECT Employee_Name FROM Employee_Details WHERE Salary>=5000;

Output:

| Employee_Name | Salary| ----------------------------- | Mark | 5500 | | Anne | 6500 | -----------------------------

1 2 3 4 5

|  Employee_Name   |  Salary| ----------------------------- |  Mark            |  5500  | |  Anne            |  6500  | -----------------------------

43. Write an SQL Query to find list of Employee_Name start with ‘E’ from the below table

| Employee_Name | Salary| ----------------------------- | John | 2500 | | Emma | 3500 | | Mark | 5500 | | Anne | 6500 | -----------------------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

|  Employee_Name   |  Salary| ----------------------------- |  John            |  2500  | |  Emma            |  3500  | |  Mark            |  5500  | |  Anne            |  6500  | -----------------------------

Syntax:

SELECT * FROM Employee_Details WHERE Employee_Name like 'E%';

1	SELECT * FROM Employee_Details WHERE Employee_Name like 'E%';

Output:

| Employee_Name | Salary| ----------------------------- | Emma | 3500 | -----------------------------

1 2 3 4

|  Employee_Name   |  Salary| ----------------------------- |  Emma            |  3500  | -----------------------------

44. Write SQL SELECT query that returns the FirstName and LastName from Employee_Details table. 

SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employee_Details;

1	SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employee_Details;

45. How to rename a Table?

SP_RENAME TABLE 'SCOREBOARD', 'OVERALLSCORE'

1	SP_RENAME TABLE 'SCOREBOARD', 'OVERALLSCORE'

To rename Table Name & Column Name

sp_rename OldTableName,NewTableName sp_rename 'TableName.OldColumnName', 'NewColumnName'

1 2	sp_rename OldTableName,NewTableName sp_rename 'TableName.OldColumnName', 'NewColumnName'

46. How to select all the even number records from a table? 

To select all the even number records from a table:

Select * from table where id % 2 = 0

1 2	Select * from table where id % 2 = 0

47. How to select all the odd number records from a table? 

To select all the odd number records from a table:

Select * from table where id % 2 != 0

1	Select * from table where id % 2 != 0

48. What is the SQL CASE statement?

SQL Case statement allows embedding an if-else like clause in the SELECT statement.

49. Can you display the result from the below table TestTable based on the criteria M,m as M and F, f as F and Null as N and g, k, I as U

SELECT Gender from TestTable

1	SELECT Gender from TestTable

| Gender | ------------ | M | | F | | NULL | | m | | f | | g | | H | | i | ------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

|  Gender  | ------------ |     M    | |     F    | |   NULL   | |     m    | |     f    | |     g    | |     H    | |     i    | ------------

By using the below syntax we could achieve the output as required.

SELECT Gender, case when Gender='i' then 'U' when Gender='g' then 'U' when Gender='H' then 'U' when Gender='NULL' then 'N' else upper(Gender) end as newgender from TestTable GROUP BY Gender

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

SELECT Gender, case when Gender='i' then 'U' when Gender='g' then 'U' when Gender='H' then 'U' when Gender='NULL' then 'N' else upper(Gender) end as newgender from TestTable GROUP BY Gender

50. What will be the result of the query below? 

select case when null = null then 'True' else 'False' end as Result;

1	select case when null = null then 'True' else 'False' end as Result;

This query returns “False”. In the above question, we could see null = null is not the proper way to compare a null value. To compare a value with null, we use IS operator in SQL.

So the correct way is as follows

select case when null is null then 'True' else 'False' end as Result;

1	select case when null is null then 'True' else 'False' end as Result;

52. What will be the result of the query below? 

select case when null is null then 'Queries In SQL Server' else 'Queries In MySQL' end as Result;

1	select case when null is null then 'Queries In SQL Server' else 'Queries In MySQL' end as Result;

This query will returns “Queries In SQL Server”.

53. How do you update F as M and M as F from the below table TestTable? 

| Name | Gender | ------------------------ | John | M | | Emma | F | | Mark | M | | Anne | F | ------------------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

|  Name    |  Gender  | ------------------------ |  John    |     M    | |  Emma    |     F    | |  Mark    |     M    | |  Anne    |     F    | ------------------------

By using the below syntax we could achieve the output as required.

UPDATE TestTable SET Gender = CASE Gender WHEN 'F' THEN 'M' ELSE 'F' END

1	UPDATE TestTable SET Gender = CASE Gender WHEN 'F' THEN 'M' ELSE 'F' END

54. Describe SQL comments?

Single Line Comments: Single line comments start with two consecutive hyphens (–) and ended by the end of the line
Multi-Line Comments: Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */. Any text between /* and */ will be ignored.

55. What is the difference between NVL function, IFNULL function, and ISNULL function?

These three functions work in the same way. These functions are used to replace NULL value with another value. Oracle developers use NVL function, MySQL developers use IFNULL function and SQL Server developers use ISNULL function.
Assume, some of the values in a column are NULL.
If you run below statement, you will get result as NULL

SELECT col1 * (col2 + col3) FROM Table1

1	SELECT col1 * (col2 + col3) FROM Table1

Suppose any of the value in col3 is NULL then as I said your result will be NULL.

To overcome this we use NVL() function, IFNULL() function, ISNULL() Function.

ORACLE:

SELECT col1 * (col2 + NVL(col3,0)) FROM Table1

1	SELECT col1 * (col2 + NVL(col3,0)) FROM Table1

MySQL:

SELECT col1 * (col2 + IFNULL(col3,0)) FROM Table1

1	SELECT col1 * (col2 + IFNULL(col3,0)) FROM Table1

Also, you can use the COALESCE() function

SELECT col1 * (col2 + COALESCE(col3,0)) FROM Table1

1	SELECT col1 * (col2 + COALESCE(col3,0)) FROM Table1

SQL Server:

SELECT col1 * (col2 + ISNULL(col3,0)) FROM Table1

1	SELECT col1 * (col2 + ISNULL(col3,0)) FROM Table1

56. What is Database Testing?

It is AKA back-end testing or data testing.
Database testing involves in verifying the integrity of data in the front end with the data present in the back end. It validates the schema, database tables, columns, indexes, stored procedures, triggers, data duplication, orphan records, junk records. It involves in updating records in a database and verifying the same on the front end.

 

 

 

57. What are the different DDL commands in SQL?

DDL commands are used to create or alter the structure of the database.

• CREATE: To create databases and database objects
• ALTER: To alter existing database objects
• DROP: To drop databases and databases objects
• TRUNCATE: To remove all records from a table but not its database structure
• RENAME: To rename database objects

58. What are the different DML commands in SQL?

DML commands are used for managing data present in the database.

• SELECT: To select specific data from a database
• INSERT: To insert new records into a table
• UPDATE: To update existing records
• DELETE: To delete existing records from a table

59. What are the different DCL commands in SQL?

DCL commands are used to create roles, grant permission, and control access to the database objects.

• GRANT: To provide user access
• DENY: To deny permissions to users
• REVOKE: To remove user access

60. What are the different TCL commands in SQL?

TCL commands are used to manage the changes made by DML statements.

• COMMIT: To write and store the changes to the database
• ROLLBACK: To restore the database since the last commit

61. What is an Index?

An index is used to speed up the performance of queries. It makes faster retrieval of data from the table. The index can be created on one column or a group of columns.

62. What are all the different types of indexes?

There are three types of indexes

1. Unique Index: Unique Indexes helps maintain data integrity by ensuring that no two rows of data in a table have identical key values. A unique index can be applied automatically when a primary key is defined. It ensures that the values in the index key columns are unique.
2. Clustered Index: Clustered Index reorders the physical order of the table and search based on the key values. There will be only one clustered index per table.
3. Non-Clustered Index: Non-Clustered Index doesn’t alter the physical order of the table and maintains a logical order of the data. Each table can have many non-clustered indexes.

63. What is the difference between Cluster and Non-Cluster Index?

The difference between the clustered and non-clustered index in SQL is as follows:
Clustered Index:
It is used for easy retrieval of data from the database and it is faster.
One table can only have one clustered index
It alters the way records are stored in a database as it sorts out rows by the column which is set to be clustered index.
Non-Clustered Index:
It is slower compared to the Clustered index.
One table can have multiple non clustered index
It doesn’t alter the way it was sorted but it creates a separate object within a table which points back to the original table rows after searching.

64. What is a View in SQL?

A view is like a subset of a table which is stored logically in a database. A view is a virtual table. It contains rows and columns similar to a real table. The fields in the view are fields from one or more real tables. Views do not contain data of their own. They are used to restrict access to the database or to hide data complexity.

CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name1, column_name2 FROM table_name WHERE CONDITION;

1	CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name1, column_name2 FROM table_name WHERE CONDITION;

65. What are the advantages of Views?

Some of the advantages of Views are

1. Views occupy no space
2. Views are used to simply retrieve the results of complicated queries that need to be executed often.
3. Views are used to restrict access to the database or to hide data complexity.

66. What is a relationship and what are they?

Database Relationship is defined as the connection between the tables in a database. There are various database relationships namely

1. One to One Relationship
2. One to Many Relationship
3. Many to One Relationship
4. Self-Referencing Relationship

67. What is a query?

A database query is a request for data or information from a database table or combination of tables. A database query can be either a select query or an action query.

68. What is a Subquery?

A Subquery is a SQL query within another query. It is a subset of a Select statement whose return values are used in filtering the conditions of the main query.

69. What are the types of subquery?

There are two types of subquery:

1. Correlated: In a SQL database query, a correlated subquery is a subquery that uses values from the outer query in order to complete. Because a correlated subquery requires the outer query to be executed first, the correlated subquery must run once for every row in the outer query. It is also known as a synchronized subquery.

2. Non-Correlated: A Non-correlated subquery is a subquery in which both outer query and inner query are independent to each other.

70. What is Synchronized Subquery?

Refer Correlated Subquery.

71. What is the difference between Local Variables and Global Variables?

Local Variables: Local variables can be used or exist only inside the function. These variables are not used or referred by any other functions. These are not known to other functions. Variables can be created whenever that function is called.

Global Variables: Global variables can be used or exist throughout the program. Same variable declared in global cannot be used in functions. Global variables cannot be created whenever that function is called.

72. What is data Integrity?

Data integrity defines the accuracy and consistency of the data stored in a database. It also defines integrity constraints to enforce business rules on the data when it is entered into an application or a database.

73. What is Auto Increment in SQL?

It is one of the important Oracle DBA Interview Questions.

Auto increment keyword allows the user to create a unique number to get generated when a new record is inserted into a table. Auto increment keyword can be used whenever Primary Key is used.

Auto increment keyword is used in Oracle and IDENTITY keyword is used in SQL Server.

74. What is a temp table?

A temp table is a temporary storage structure to store the data temporarily.

75. How to avoid duplicate records in a query?

The SQL SELECT DISTINCT query is used to return only unique values. It eliminates all the duplicated values.

76. What is the difference between Rename and Alias?

‘Rename’ is a permanent name given to a table or column
‘Alias’ is a temporary name given to a table or column.

77. What is a Join?

Join is a query, which retrieves related columns or rows from multiple tables.

78. What are the different types of joins?

Types of Joins are as follows:

• INNER JOIN
• LEFT JOIN
• RIGHT JOIN
• OUTER JOIN

79. What is the difference between an inner and outer join?

Inner Join: An inner join returns rows when there is at least some matching data between two (or more) tables that are being compared.

Outer Join: An outer join returns rows from both tables that include the records that are unmatched from one or both the tables.

80. What are SQL constraints?

SQL constraints are the set of rules that enforced some restriction while inserting, deleting or updating of data in the databases.

81. What are the constraints available in SQL?

Some of the constraints in SQL are – Primary Key, Foreign Key, Unique Key, SQL Not Null, Default, Check and Index constraint.

82. What is a Unique constraint?

A unique constraint is used to ensure that there are no duplication values in the field/column.

83. What is a Primary Key?

A PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table. All columns participating in a primary key constraint must not contain NULL values.

84. Can a table contain multiple PRIMARY KEY’s?

The short answer is no, a table is not allowed to contain multiple primary keys but it allows to have one composite primary key consisting of two or more columns.

85. What is a Composite PRIMARY KEY?

Composite PRIMARY KEY is a primary key created on more than one column (combination of multiple fields) in a table.

86. What is a FOREIGN KEY?

A FOREIGN KEY is a key used to link two tables together. A FOREIGN KEY in a table is linked with the PRIMARY KEY of another table.

87. Can a table contain multiple FOREIGN KEY’s?

A table can have many FOREIGN KEY’s.

88. What is the difference between UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints?

There should be only one PRIMARY KEY in a table whereas there can be any number of UNIQUE Keys.
PRIMARY KEY doesn’t allow NULL values whereas Unique key allows NULL values.

89. What is a NULL value?

A field with a NULL value is a field with no value. A NULL value is different from a zero value or a field that contains spaces. A field with a NULL value is one that has been left blank during record creation. Assume, there is a field in a table is optional and it is possible to insert a record without adding a value to the optional field then the field will be saved with a NULL value.

90. What is the difference between NULL value, Zero, and Blank space?

As I mentioned earlier, Null value is field with no value which is different from zero value and blank space.
Null value is a field with no value.
Zero is a number
Blank space is the value we provide. The ASCII value of space is CHAR(32).

91. How to Test for NULL Values?

A field with a NULL value is a field with no value. NULL value cannot be compared with other NULL values. Hence, It is not possible to test for NULL values with comparison operators, such as =, <, or <>. For this, we have to use the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators.

SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NULL;

SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NULL;

SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NOT NUL

SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;

92. What is SQL NOT NULL constraint?

NOT NULL constraint is used to ensure that the value in the filed cannot be a NULL

93. What is a CHECK constraint?

A CHECK constraint is used to limit the value that is accepted by one or more columns.

E.g. ‘Age’ field should contain only the value greater than 18.

CREATE TABLE EMP_DETAILS(EmpID int NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (30) NOT NULL, Age INT CHECK (AGE > 18), PRIMARY KEY (EmpID));

1	CREATE TABLE EMP_DETAILS(EmpID int NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (30) NOT NULL, Age INT CHECK (AGE > 18), PRIMARY KEY (EmpID));

94. What is a DEFAULT constraint?

DEFAULT constraint is used to include a default value in a column when no value is supplied at the time of inserting a record.

95. What is Normalization?

Normalization is the process of table design to minimize the data redundancy.

96. What are all the different Normalization? 

There are different types of Normalization forms in SQL.

• First Normal Form (1NF)
• Second Normal Form (2NF)
• Third Normal Form (3NF)
• Boyce and Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

97. What is Denormalization?

Denormalization is a database optimization technique used to increase the performance of a database infrastructure. It involves in the process of adding redundant data to one or more tables. In a normalized database, we store data in separate logical tables and attempt to minimize redundant data.

98. What is Stored procedure?

A Stored Procedure is a collection of SQL statements that have been created and stored in the database to perform a particular task. The stored procedure accepts input parameters and processes them and returns a single value such as a number or text value or a result set (set of rows).

99. What is a Trigger?

A Trigger is a SQL procedure that initiates an action in response to an event (Insert, Delete or Update) occurs. When a new Employee is added to an Employee_Details table, new records will be created in the relevant tables such as Employee_Payroll, Employee_Time_Sheet etc.,

100. Explain SQL Data Types?

In SQL Server, each column in a database table has a name and a data type. We need to decide what type of data to store inside each and every column of a table while creating a SQL table.

101. What are the possible values that can be stored in a BOOLEAN data field?

TRUE and FALSE

102. What is the largest value that can be stored in a BYTE data field?

The largest number that can be represented in a single byte is 11111111 or 255. The number of possible values is 256 (i.e. 255 (the largest possible value) plus 1 (zero), or 2⁸).

103. What are Operators available in SQL?

SQL Operator is a reserved word used primarily in an SQL statement’s WHERE clause to perform operations, such as arithmetic operations and comparisons. These are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement.

There are three types of Operators.

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Comparison Operators
3. Logical Operators

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sql Server Errors description

Error Type =11001,/n Error Description Non-NULL value successfully returned.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11002, Error Description Deferred accessor validation occurred. Invalid binding for this column.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11003, Error Description Could not convert the data value due to reasons other than sign mismatch or overflow.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11004, Error Description Successfully returned a NULL value.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11005, Error Description Successfully returned a truncated value.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11006, Error Description Could not convert the data type because of a sign mismatch.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11007, Error Description Conversion failed because the data value overflowed the data type used by the provider.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11008, Error Description The provider cannot allocate memory or open another storage object on this column.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11009, Error Description The provider cannot determine the value for this column.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11010, Error Description The user did not have permission to write to the column.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11011, Error Description The data value violated the integrity constraints for the column.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11012, Error Description The data value violated the schema for the column.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11013, Error Description The column had a bad status.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11014, Error Description The column used the default value.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11015, Error Description The column was skipped when setting data.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11031, Error Description The row was successfully deleted.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11032, Error Description The table was in immediate-update mode, and deleting a single row caused more than one row to be deleted in the data source.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11033, Error Description The row was released even though it had a pending change.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11034, Error Description Deletion of the row was canceled during notification.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11036, Error Description The rowset was using optimistic concurrency and the value of a column has been changed after the containing row was last fetched or resynchronized.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11037, Error Description The row has a pending delete or the deletion had been transmitted to the data source.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11038, Error Description The row is a pending insert row.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11039, Error Description DBPROP_CHANGEINSERTEDROWS was VARIANT_FALSE and the insertion for the row has been transmitted to the data source.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11040, Error Description Deleting the row violated the integrity constraints for the column or table.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11041, Error Description The row handle was invalid or was a row handle to which the current thread does not have access rights.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11042, Error Description Deleting the row would exceed the limit for pending changes specified by the rowset property DBPROP_MAXPENDINGROWS.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11043, Error Description The row has a storage object open.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11044, Error Description The provider ran out of memory and could not fetch the row.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11045, Error Description User did not have sufficient permission to delete the row.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11046, Error Description The table was in immediate-update mode and the row was not deleted due to reaching a limit on the server, such as query execution timing out.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11047, Error Description Updating did not meet the schema requirements.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11048, Error Description There was a recoverable, provider-specific error, such as an RPC failure.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11100, Error Description The provider indicates that conflicts occurred with other properties or requirements.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11101, Error Description Could not obtain an interface required for text, ntext, or image access.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11102, Error Description The provider could not support a required row lookup interface.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11103, Error Description The provider could not support an interface required for the UPDATE/DELETE/INSERT statements.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11104, Error Description The provider could not support insertion on this table.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11105, Error Description The provider could not support updates on this table.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11106, Error Description The provider could not support deletion on this table.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11107, Error Description The provider could not support a row lookup position.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11108, Error Description The provider could not support a required property.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11109, Error Description The provider does not support an index scan on this data source.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11201, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the FROM service name is missing. The message origin is: '%ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11202, Error Description This message has been dropped because the FROM service name exceeds the maximum size of %d bytes. Service name: "%.*ls". Message origin: "%ls".. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11203, Error Description This message has been dropped because the FROM broker instance is missing. The message origin is '%ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11204, Error Description This message has been dropped because the FROM broker instance exceeds the maximum size of %d bytes. Broker instance: "%.*ls". Message origin: "%ls".. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11205, Error Description This message has been dropped because the TO service name is missing. The message origin is "%ls".. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11206, Error Description This message has been dropped because the TO service name exceeds the maximum size of %d bytes. Service name: "%.*ls". Message origin: "%ls".. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11207, Error Description This message has been dropped because the service contract name is missing. The message origin is "%ls".. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11208, Error Description This message has been dropped because the service contract name exceeds the maximum size of %d bytes. Contract name "%.*ls". Message origin: "%ls".. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11209, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the conversation ID could not be associated with an active conversation. The message origin is: '%ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11210, Error Description This message has been dropped because the TO service could not be found. Service name: "%.*ls". Message origin: "%ls".. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11211, Error Description This message has been dropped because the user does not have permission to access the target database. Database ID: %d. Message origin: &quot;%ls&quot;.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11212, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the conversation endpoint has already been closed.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11213, Error Description This message could not be delivered because this is not the first message in the conversation.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11214, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the '%.*ls' contract could not be found or the service does not accept conversations for the contract.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11215, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the user with ID %i in database ID %i does not have permission to send to the service. Service name: '%.*ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11216, Error Description This message could not be delivered because there is already another task processing this message.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11217, Error Description This message could not be delivered because it is out of sequence with respect to the conversation. Conversation receive sequence number: %I64d, Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11218, Error Description This message could not be delivered because it is a duplicate.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11219, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the destination queue has been disabled. Queue ID: %d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11220, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the TO broker instance is missing.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11221, Error Description This message could not be delivered because there is an inconsistency in the message header.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11222, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the TO service name in the message does not match the name in the conversation endpoint. Message TO Service Name: '%.*ls'. Conversation Endpoint TO Service Name: '%.*ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11223, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the service contract name in the message does not match the name in the conversation endpoint. Message service contract name: '%.*ls'. Conversation endpoint service contract name: '%.*ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11224, Error Description This message could not be delivered because another instance of this service program has already started conversing with this endpoint.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11225, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the message type name could not be found. Message type name: '%.*ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11226, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the message type is not part of the service contract. Message type name: '%.*ls'. Service contract name: '%.*ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11227, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the initiator service has sent a message with a message type that can only be sent by the target. Message type name: '%.*ls'. Service contract name: '%.*ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11228, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the target service has sent a message with a message type that can only be sent by the initiator. Message type name: '%.*ls'. Service contract name: '%.*ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11229, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the security context could not be retrieved.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11230, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the message could not be decrypted and validated.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11231, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the conversation endpoint is not secured, however the message is secured.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11232, Error Description This message could not be delivered because the conversation endpoint is secured, however the message is not secured.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11233, Error Description This message has been dropped because the session key of the conversation endpoint does not match that of the message.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11234, Error Description This message could not be delivered because an internal error was encountered while processing it. Error code %d, state %d: %.*ls.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11235, Error Description Received a malformed message. The binary message class (%d:%d) is not defined. This may indicate network problems or that another application is connected to the Service Broker endpoint.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11236, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The binary header size of %d is expected, however the header size received was %d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11237, Error Description A %S_MSG message could not be processed due to insufficient memory. The message was dropped.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11238, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The private variable data segment is malformed.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11239, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The private variable data segment extends beyond the length of the message.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11240, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The binary message preamble is malformed.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11241, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The conversation security version number is not %d.%d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11242, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The maximum number of public variable data elements (%d) has been exceeded. Public variable data elements found: %d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11243, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The public variable data element (%d) has been duplicated in this message.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11244, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The handshake validation header is malformed.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11245, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The maximum number of private variable data elements (%d) has been exceeded. Private variable data elements found: %d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11246, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The private variable data element (%d) has been duplicated in this message.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11247, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The login negotiate header is invalid.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11248, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The SSPI login header is invalid.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11249, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The pre-master-secret is invalid.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11250, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The security certificate key fields must both be present or both be absent. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =, Error Description A full-text stoplist statement must be terminated by a semi-colon (;).. Error Severity  Level=15

Error Type =Error, Error Description Description. Error Severity  Level=Severity

Error Type =11251, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The service pair security header source certificate and the signature must both be present or both be absent. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I6. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11252, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The destination certificate serial number is missing. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11253, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The service pair security header destination certificate, the key exchange key, the key exchange key ID, and the session key must all be present or all be absent. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11254, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The session key ID is missing. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11255, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The encryption flag is set, however the message body, MIC or salt is missing. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11256, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The MIC is present, however the message body or encryption flag is missing. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11257, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The MIC and session key ID are in an invalid state. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11258, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The MIC size is %d, however it must be no greater than %d bytes in length. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11259, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The certificate serial number size is %d, however it must be no greater than %d bytes in length. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11260, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The certificate issuer name size is %d, however it must be no greater than %d bytes in length. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11261, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The destination certificate serial number size is %d, however it must be no greater than %d bytes in length. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11262, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The destination certificate issuer name size is %d, however it must be no greater than %d bytes in length. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11263, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The service pair security header size is %d, however it must be between %d and %d bytes. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11264, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The key exchange key size is %d, however it must be between %d and %d bytes. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11265, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The key exchange key ID is invalid. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11266, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The encrypted session key size is %d, however it must be %d bytes. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11267, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The session key ID size is %d, however it must be %d bytes. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11268, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The salt size is %d, however it must be %d bytes. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11269, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. A UNICODE string is not two byte aligned within the message. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11270, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. A UNICODE string is greater than the maximum allowed size of %d bytes. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11271, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The conversation ID must not be NULL. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11272, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The message ID must not be NULL.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11273, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The message body is not properly padded for encryption. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11274, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. A sequence number is larger than allowed. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11275, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The End of Conversation and Error flags are both set. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11276, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The End of Conversation flag has been set on an unsequenced message. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11277, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The End of Conversation and Error flags may not be set in the first sequenced message. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11278, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The message type is missing for this message. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11279, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The message type must not be set in this message. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11280, Error Description A packet of size %lu bytes could not be processed because it exceeds the receive buffer count.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11281, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The private portion of the message header is malformed.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11282, Error Description This message has been dropped due to licensing restrictions. See the documentation for further details.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11285, Error Description This forwarded message has been dropped because the hops remaining count has reached 0.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11286, Error Description Dropped this forwarded message because this SQL Server instance is out of memory.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11288, Error Description This forwarded message has been dropped because a duplicate message is already being forwarded.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11289, Error Description This forwarded message has been dropped because its memory usage would exceed the configured memory limit of %d bytes for forwarded messages.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11290, Error Description This forwarded message was dropped because the message could not be delivered within the message time to live. This may indicate that the forwarding route is incorrectly configured or that the destination is unavailable.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11291, Error Description This forwarded message has been dropped because the time consumed has exceeded the message's time to live of %u seconds (the message arrived with %u seconds consumed and used %u seconds in this broker).. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11292, Error Description The forwarded message has been dropped because a transport send error occurred when sending the message. Check previous events for the error.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11293, Error Description This forwarded message has been dropped because a transport is shutdown.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11294, Error Description This forwarded message has been dropped because the destination route is not valid.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11295, Error Description Endpoint configuration change detected. Service Broker manager and transport will now restart.. Error Severity  Level=10

Error Type =11296, Error Description Certificate change detected. Service Broker manager and transport will now restart.. Error Severity  Level=10

Error Type =11297, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The private variable data segment offset is incorrect.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11298, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. The public variable data segment offset is incorrect.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11299, Error Description A corrupted message has been received. An unsequenced message had a non-zero sequence number. This occurred in the message with Conversation ID '%.*ls', Initiator: %d, and Message sequence number: %I64d.. Error Severity  Level=10

Error Type =11300, Error Description Error wile committing a readonly or a TEMPDB XDES, Shutting down the server.. Error Severity  Level=10

Error Type =11301, Error Description Error while performing transaction notification for object %p event %d.. Error Severity  Level=10

Error Type =11302, Error Description Error during rollback. shutting down database (location: %d).. Error Severity  Level=10

Error Type =11303, Error Description Error releasing reserved log space: %ls space %I64d, code %d, state %d.. Error Severity  Level=10

Error Type =11304, Error Description Failed to record outcome of a local two-phase commit transaction. Taking database offline.. Error Severity  Level=10

Error Type =11306, Error Description Forward progress on this transaction is disallowed. Transaction has been rolled back.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11313, Error Description This operation must be executed within a parallel nested transaction.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11314, Error Description The stored procedure %.*ls must be executed within a user transaction.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11315, Error Description The isolation level specified for the PNT child transaction does not match the current isolation level for the parent.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11316, Error Description %ls statement cannot be used inside a parallel nested transaction.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11317, Error Description Parallel plan with updates is not supported inside a parallel nested transaction.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11318, Error Description The stored procedure '%.*ls' cannot be executed through MARS connection.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11319, Error Description Bound sessions and user parallel nested transactions cannot be used in the same transaction.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11320, Error Description Cannot create a User Parallel Nested Transaction, the maximum number of parallel nested transactions is reached.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11321, Error Description This operation cannot be executed within an active transaction.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11400, Error Description ALTER TABLE SWITCH statement failed. Index '%.*ls' on indexed view '%.*ls' uses partition function '%.*ls', but table '%.*ls' uses non-equivalent partition function '%.*ls'. Index on indexed view '%.*ls' and table '%.*ls' must use an equivalent partition. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11401, Error Description ALTER TABLE SWITCH statement failed. Table '%.*ls' is %S_MSG, but index '%.*ls' on indexed view '%.*ls' is %S_MSG.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11402, Error Description ALTER TABLE SWITCH statement failed. Target table '%.*ls' is referenced by %d indexed view(s), but source table '%.*ls' is only referenced by %d indexed view(s). Every indexed view on the target table must have at least one matching indexed view on the so. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11403, Error Description ALTER TABLE SWITCH statement failed. Indexed view '%.*ls' is not aligned with table '%.*ls'. The partitioning column '%.*ls' from the indexed view calculates its value from one or more columns or an expression, rather than directly selecting from the tabl. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11404, Error Description ALTER TABLE SWITCH statement failed. Target table '%.*ls' is referenced by %d indexed view(s), but source table '%.*ls' is only referenced by %d matching indexed view(s). Every indexed view on the target table must have at least one matching indexed view. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11405, Error Description ALTER TABLE SWITCH statement failed. Table '%.*ls' is not aligned with the index '%.*ls' on indexed view '%.*ls'. The table is partitioned on column '%.*ls', but the index on the indexed view is partitioned on column '%.*ls', which is selected from a diff. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11406, Error Description ALTER TABLE SWITCH statement failed. Source and target partitions have different values for the DATA_COMPRESSION option.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11407, Error Description Vardecimal storage format can not be enabled for '%.*ls'. Only Enterprise edition of SQL Server supports vardecimal.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11408, Error Description Cannot modify the column '%.*ls' in the table '%.*ls' to add or remove the COLUMN_SET attribute. To change a COLUMN_SET attribute of a column, either modify the table to remove the column and then add the column again, or drop and re-create the table.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11409, Error Description Cannot remove the column set '%.*ls' in the table '%.*ls' because the table contains more than 1025 columns. Reduce the number of columns in the table to less than 1025.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11410, Error Description Cannot modify the column '%.*ls' in the table '%.*ls' to a sparse column because the column has a default or rule bound to it. Unbind the rule or default from the column before designating the column as sparse.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11411, Error Description Cannot add the sparse column '%.*ls' to the table '%.*ls' because the data type of the column has a default or rule bound to it. Unbind the rule or default from the data type before adding the sparse column to the table.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11412, Error Description ALTER TABLE SWITCH statement failed because column '%.*ls' does not have the same sparse storage attribute in tables '%.*ls' and '%.*ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11413, Error Description ALTER TABLE SWITCH statement failed because column '%.*ls' does not have the same column set property in tables '%.*ls' and '%.*ls'.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11414, Error Description Warning: Option %ls is not applicable to table %.*ls because it does not have a clustered index. This option will be applied only to the table's nonclustered indexes, if it has any.. Error Severity  Level=10

Error Type =11415, Error Description Object '%.*ls' cannot be disabled or enabled. This action applies only to foreign key and check constraints.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11418, Error Description Cannot %S_MSG table '%.*ls' because the table either contains sparse columns or a column set column which are incompatible with compression.. Error Severity  Level=16

Error Type =11419, Error Description Cannot alter or drop column '%.*ls' because the table '%.*ls' is federated on it.. Error Severity  Level=16